Beyond 3G is the official IEEE designation
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چکیده
B eyond 3G is the official IEEE designation for the next stage of wireless technology that some people call 4G or fourth-generation radio. Over the years, every conceptual shift in wireless technology has been characterized as a generational change. With a good dose of hindsight, the generations of radio and major radio systems in each category are classified as shown in Table 1. Few first generation (or 1G) systems remain, except in the United States, where AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) remains a background universal service. Most services are now second generation (or 2G) dominated by Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) but also with widespread development of code-division multiple access (CDMA). CDMA is a conceptual advance on the 2G systems typified by GSM and so is commonly classified as 2.5G. Third generation (or 3G) offers a significant increase in capacity and is the optimum system for broadband data access. Third generation includes wideband mobile multimedia networks and broadband mixed wireless systems. The mobile systems support variable data rates depending on demand and the level of mobility. Typically 144 kb/s is supported for full vehicular mobility and higher bandwidths for pedestrian levels of mobility. Switched packet radio techniques and wideband CDMAlike systems (as the physical channel is) rather than assigned physical channel schemes (referred to as circuit switched) are required to support this bandwidth-on-demand environment. There are two essential concepts beyond 3G. One of these is the provision of data transmission at rates of 100 Mb/s while mobile and 1 Gb/s while stationary. The other concept is that of pervasive networks where a handset supports many access technologies (e.g., cellular, UMTS, and WiFi) perhaps simultaneously and smoothly transitions between them. For example, to support
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تاریخ انتشار 2007